A standard is a document that enables system and product builders to develop their products in a way that achieves maximum cost benefit by way of streamlined requirements. Standards also enable interoperability between systems and products from one vendor with those built by other vendors.

Standards are developed by interested parties, e.g. users and manufacturers, and are agreed upon usually by consensus. Conformance to standards is voluntary unless a national or regional directive mandates their use or an industry agreement is reached.

Standards can be either technical or procedural.

The Issuer Identification Number (IIN) is the first six digits of the account number on your plastic card. In the case of a National IIN that starts with "9826", the IIN is the first eight digits i.e. "9826xxxx" with digits 5-8 being assigned by APACS. The whole number is known as the Primary Account Number (PAN) and has a maximum length of 19 digits.

The RID is part of an Application Identifier (AID), which is structured according to ISO/IEC 7816-5 and consists of two parts:

The RID, unique to an application provider and assigned according to ISO/IEC 7816-5.

An optional field assigned by the application provider known as a Proprietary Application Identifier Extension (PIX), used to identify different applications or products.

A patent is a right, awarded to an inventor, which protects the ideas behind an invention. It gives the inventor the right for a limited period (usually 20 years) to stop others from making, using or selling the invention without permission. This gives the inventor time to exploit the invention.